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      ITIS Name

      Blattodea

      Submitted by Scratchpad Team on Thu, 03/06/2010 - 1:35pm
      • 337 reads

      • Blattodea SpeciesFile 29/09/2009: Blattodea

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      Pseudophoraspis nebulosa (Burmeister, 1838) - probably!

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Pseudophorapsis nebulosa (Burmeister, 1838) is a very variable species, both in size and coloration. It is quite commonly found in the rainforests of Borneo. I have found it in Brunei, Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah. I have found it to be relatively rare in Sabah, however most of my collecting in Sabah has been at higher altitude than my collecting elsewhere and it is possible that it is restricted to lowland areas. This photograph was taken in lowland Sabah. Unfortunately the specimen escaped so I have not been able to confirm the identification. Photo copyright Phil Bragg.

      edwbaker's picture

      Darren Mann Bathtime Cockroaches

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      (C) Copyright Sunday Sport August 4, 1991

      Unidentified #5, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah.
      Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Rhabdoblatta mentawiensis Hanitisch, 1928 - nymph.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found on the Silau-Silau trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah. Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified Blattellidae #7, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah. Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified Blattellidae #11, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah. Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified Blattellidae #8, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah. Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified Blattellidae #9, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found on the Silau-Silau trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah.
      Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified #4, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found on the Silau-Silau trail, Kinabalu National Park, Sabah.
      Photographed by Phil Bragg.

      Unidentified Blattellidae #2, Sabah.

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am

      Found in the Crocker Range National Park, Sabah. Photographed by Phil Bragg.

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      Cockroaches: An Amazing Diversity

      By George Beccaloni (Curator of cockroaches etc, The Natural History Museum, London)






      Eucorydia aenea dasytoides fom China. Copyright Guo-Fang Jiang.Elliptorhina javanica. Male. Copyright George Beccaloni.Blattellid cockroach from Madagascar. Copyright George Beccaloni.
      Cockroaches (order Blattodea) are a group of largely omnivorous insects with incomplete metamorphosis which together with the carnivorous praying mantids (order Mantodea) form the superorder Dictyoptera. It is thought that cockroaches split from the common ancestor they shared with the mantids during the Lower Cretaceous about 140 million years ago. The cockroach-like species ("roachoids") with external ovipositors (egg laying tubes) which existed before this split, originated as far back as the Upper Carboniferous period some 315 million years ago. Recent studies (e.g., Inward, Beccaloni & Eggleton, 2007; Eggleton, Beccaloni & Inward, 2007) have shown that the termites are actually a lineage of cockroaches (epifamily Termitoidae) and not a separate order of insects as previously thought. Termites are most closely related to the wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, with which they share many structural characters and behavioural traits. Although termites are cockroaches we are only concerned here with the six families of 'true' cockroaches: Nocticolidae, Polyphagidae, Blattidae, Cryptocercidae, Blattellidae and Blaberidae.






      Evolutionary Relationships of Cockroaches from Eggleton, Beccaloni & Inward, 2007
      Evolutionary Relationships of Cockroaches from Eggleton, Beccaloni & Inward, 2007

      Cockroach diversity


      To date approximately 4,500 cockroach species have been named and there are probably at least twice this number still to be discovered worldwide. Although most species are found in the tropics a few occur in temperate regions. There are about 130 native European cockroaches and, perhaps surprisingly, new species are still being discovered in this well studied region.


      Regrettably most people seem to regard all cockroaches as offensive and destructive vermin. However, this reputation is deserved by less than 30 species (< 1% of the total) - the vast majority being secretive insects which never associate with man. As a group cockroaches exhibit a remarkable diversity of size, form, coloration and behaviour and occupy a very wide range of habitats from caves to mountains, from rainforests to deserts.








      Sand-burrowing desert cockroach of family Polyphagidae, from dunes of the western USA. Copyright Marshal Hedin.


      Some tropical cockroaches are thought to live only in the nests of social insects and there are even amphibious species which dive under water when threatened. Although most cockroaches are probably omnivorous, the ability to feed exclusively on rotting wood has evolved at least three separate times: in the ancestor of Cryptocercus and the termites; in the blaberid subfamily Panesthiinae; and in the blaberid Parasphaeria boleiriana.









      Gromphadorhina grandidieri. Male. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Adult male Gromphadorhina grandidieri from southern Madagascar.


      Many cockroach species are wingless or have reduced wings and some (e.g. the Cuban burrowing cockroach Byrsotria fumigata) have fully winged males and females with greatly reduced wings. Asian and Australasian Panesthia species, which burrow in decaying wood, have well developed wings when they first become adults, but these soon break off about one third of the way down their length, presumably once the insects have dispersed. Many cockroaches are sexually dimorphic, for example the Madagascan hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina and their relatives) which are often kept as pets. The males of these cockroaches have well developed 'horns' on their pronota (the plate covering the head) which they use to fight rival males - the largest individual usually emerging as the victor.








      Lucihormetica fenestrata. Male. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Adult male Lucihormetica fenestrata from Brazil.


      The males of one South American cockroach, Lucihormetica fenestrata, have raised yellowish tubercles on their pronota which are bioluminescent and may play a role in courtship. It is currently unknown how this bioluminescence is produced, but one suggestion is that the spongy material inside the tubercles harbours bioluminescent fungi or bacteria which the cockroach may acquire from the rotting wood in which it lives. Related species have similar tubercles which may also emit light.


      The world's heaviest cockroach is the wingless Australian rhinoceros cockroach (Macropanesthia rhinoceros), which weighs up to 33.5 grams and has a body length of up to 80 mm. It has one of the most complex life-histories of all cockroaches and, with a lifespan of more than 10 years, it is among the longest lived of all insects. The species with the greatest wingspan is the Central and South American Megaloblatta blaberoides, which has a spread of up to 185 mm. The smallest is the North American Attaphila fungicola, which measures less than 3 mm long and lives in the nests of leafcutter ants.


       


       


       








      Cockroaches largest and smallest. Copyright Natural History Museum, London
      Some of the largest & smallest cockroaches. Megaloblatta longipennis (top), Attaphila bergi (left) and Macropanesthia rhinoceros (right).

      Reproductive biology


      Cockroaches are more diverse in their reproductive biology than probably any other order of insects. One species, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, is parthenogenic (the ability to reproduce without mating), but males are found in all other species which have been studied.









      Archiblatta hoeveni ootheca. Copyright George Beccaloni


      Ootheca of Archiblatta hoeveni from Malaysia.


      Species in the families Nocticolidae, Polyphagidae, Blattidae, Cryptocercidae and most Blattellidae, produce hardened oothecae (egg cases) which are dropped on the ground, buried, or attached to substrate using a salivary cement. In contrast, species in the family Blaberidae plus a few Blattellidae, have membranous oothecae which are incubated in a brood sac within the female's body until the eggs hatch. One blaberid, Diploptera punctata, has a greatly reduced oothecal membrane which does not cover the eggs. Remarkably this species produces a nutritious 'milk' from the wall of the brood sac on which the developing embryos feed. Species in the blaberid subfamily Geoscapheinae have lost the oothecal membrane altogether and the eggs are deposited straight into the brood sac. These cockroaches exhibit a high level of parental care. The nymphs live with the mother in her burrow until they are about half grown and the female provides food for them by pulling dead leaves and other vegetation into the burrow.


       


       









      Epilamprine cockroach with young. Copyright Natasha Mhatre Epilamprine cockroach with young. Copyright Natasha Mhatre

      Female epilamprine cockroach from India carrying young.

      The most unusual parental care is exhibited by species in the blaberid subfamilies Epilamprinae and Perisphaerinae. Thorax porcellana, a species of the former subfamily from India, carries its young (i.e. nymphs) under its domed forewings for their first two instars. The nymphs obtain liquid food from specialized pores on the upper surface of their mother's abdomen and they also pierce her cuticle with their specialized sharp mandibles and feed on her blood (haemolymph)! Species of the genus Perisphaerus (Perisphaerinae) from South-East Asia and Australasia have a somewhat similar mother-offspring relationship. When the nymphs are born they are white, blind and have strange tube-like mouthparts, which are unique amongst cockroaches. The mother has four apertures at the bases of her mid- and hind legs into which the mouthparts of the nymphs exactly fit and the nymphs are believed to suck up a nutrient 'milk' from these pores. The nymphs cling beneath the mother's body for the first two instars and only in the third instar do they develop normal eyes and body pigmentation.







      Perisphaerus sp. with young. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Perisphaerus sp. from Malaysia with well developed young, which have recently left the underside of the mother.


      Predator defences








      Perisphaerus sp. Female. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Female Perisphaerus sp. from Malaysia rolled up into a defensive ball.


      Cockroaches have evolved a wide range of strategies to avoid being eaten by predators. Most, like the leaf green Panchlora species, rely on camouflage, whilst a few have warning coloration or mimic distasteful insects (e.g. Prosoplecta from South-East Asia, which mimic ladybird beetles, Coccinellidae). Cockroaches of the genus Perisphaerus roll up into a ball like pill millipedes or woodlice when molested, but most depend on speed and agility to escape. One currently unnamed South African species of Blattellidae has greatly enlarged hind legs which enable it to jump like a grasshopper. This species hops between grass stalks and apparently specialises in eating bird droppings.


      A few cockroach species possess active defence mechanisms. These include spraying repellent fluid from abdominal glands like Diploptera punctata or Archiblatta hoeveni and producing startling noises by expelling air rapidly through abdominal spiracles, as in the Madagascan hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina and their relatives).


       








      Archiblatta hoeveni. Female. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Adult female Archiblatta hoeveni from Malaysia.


      Studying cockroaches


      Apart from extensive studies of the major pest species very little work has been done on cockroaches as a whole and they remain relatively neglected by both amateur and professional entomologists alike. The majority of species are easy to keep and breed in captivity and they don't require a constant supply of fresh leaves like stick-insects or live-foods like praying mantids. Why don't you start keeping and studying them? There is still a lot to discover!


      References




      • Inward, D., Beccaloni, G. & Eggleton, P. 2007. Death of an order: a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study confirms that termites are eusocial cockroaches. Biology Letters 3(3): 331-335 [Published online 5 April 2007. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0102]


      • Eggleton, P., Beccaloni, G. & Inward, D. 2007. Invited reply: Response to Lo et al. Biology Letters 3(5): 564-565 [Published online 14 August 2007. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0367]





      Ectobius lapponicus from UK. Copyright George_BeccaloniLeozehntnera maxima. Male. Copyright George_Beccaloni

      Deutsche Homepage

      Die ?Blattodea Culture Group? (BCG) ist eine nicht gewinnorientierte Gesellschaft ohne wirtschaftliche Interessen. Sie wurde 1986 mit dem Ziel gegründet, die weltweite Erforschung von Schaben zu fördern. Die BCG gibt die Farbzeitschrift ?Cockroach Studies? heraus, die ein bis zwei Mal jährlich erscheint und deren Beiträge von Schabenzuchten über Sammelreiseberichte bis hin zur Beschreibung neuer Schabenarten reicht.

      Die BCG richtet zweimal jährlich Treffen aus (in England und Deutschland), auf denen Mitgliedern Vorträge geboten werden und ein Austausch von Lebendmaterial stattfindet. Die Gruppe pflegt eine Liste aller ihnen bekannter in Zucht gehaltener Arten, die zu einem groÿen Teil auch von dem BCG ?Livestock? Koordinator gepflegt werden. Die Zuchtüberschüsse des Koordinators und der Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft werden auf den Treffen verteilt.

      Besucher dieser Seite, die Informationen über Schaben suchen (eher als über die BCG), sollten den Artikel  ?Cockroaches: An Amazing Diversity? lesen. Zahlreiche Informationen finden sich ebenfall in den alten BCG Newslettern. Demnächst wird die ?Database of Cockroach Literature? hunderte nicht mehr copyright geschützte Artikel und Bücher über Schaben enthalten.

      World Cockroach Catalogue

      BSF logoA comprehensive world catalogue of cockroaches called the Blattodea Species File (BSF) is now available on the Web see:-
      http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/HomePage.aspx      . The catalogue contains approximately 6,420 scientific names and of these about 4,560 represent valid cockroach species. For more information about the BSF and what information it contains please see http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/Database.aspx.

      If you notice any errors or names which are missing from the BSF then please inform the author, George Beccaloni (blaberus1@ntlworld.com). In addition, if you are a taxonomist and describe any cockroach taxa in the future then please send George a copy of your publication (as a pdf file if possible) so that he can keep the BSF up-to-date.

      Examples of some searches you can perform:-

      To find a species or genus name:- Go to http://blattodea.speciesfile.org/HomePage.aspx then click on "Search" link at the top of the page. Then type in (or copy and paste) the name of the species you want to find (e.g. "rothi") into the "Name of taxon" search box. Next click the "Submit" button, and you will either go straight to the species record or have to select (and click on) the species name in the results list. Click "Search" at the top of the page to do another search.

      To list all the taxa described by a particular author:- Click on "Search" at the top of the page. Then click "Complex search" and type the name of the author (e.g. "Bohn") into the "Author" field and click the "Submit" button. A list of the taxa which the author described will then be listed and you can click on a name to go to the full record.

      To Generate a list of the types in an institution:- Click on "Search" at the top of the page. Then click "Complex search" and type a name of an institution e.g. "BMNH" into the "Depository" field and click the "Submit" button. A list of the species/subspecies with types in the BM(NH) will be shown and you can click on a name in the list to go to the full record. [Note that only the types in the BM(NH), the UMO Oxford, and a few other institutions, are currently in the database.]

      To see what images are currently in the database:- Click on "Search" at the top of the page. Then click on the "Image" box and click "Submit". A list of the species which have images will be shown and you can click on one of these to see the pictures (click on the thumbnails to enlarge).

      To browse through the taxa in the database:- Click on "Taxa" at the top of the page and then click a family name. A list of all the valid genera will be shown and you can then click a genus to list the species it contains. Click a species name to view its full record.

      Your help is needed!

      One of the main long-term goals of the BSF project is to make available photographs of all cockroach primary types, plus images of living individuals, photographs of genitalia etc. Having a comprehensive set of photographs of world cockroach species available on the Web would be of great benefit to everyone who is interested in cockroaches. Please note that if you have any images which you would like to include in the BSF, then please send them to George by e-mail or on CD/DVD. JPEGs are preferred and image files should ideally be no larger than 1MB. If you do not hold the copyright of an image then please ensure that you have the permission of the copyright holder to publish the image on the Web. If you own the copyright then that will be stated in the BSF. You could also add copyright information as text to the bottom of the image as in the picture below.

      Lucihormetica fenestrata adult male. Copyright George Beccaloni.

       

      Sponsors Needed!

      Can you help?

      Cockroach Studies is a high quality journal which is costly to produce because it is printed in full colour. Unfortunately the cost of producing two issues per year is currently greater than the money the BCG receives in membership fees, so until membership numbers increase the Group will either have to produce only one (larger) issue of CS per year, or find sponsorship to subsidise the production of the second issue. The second option would be the ideal one, so if you or your company are interested in possible sponsorship then please contact George Beccaloni. Even pest control companies are welcome! Sponsors will be given either a full page or half page in CS to advertise their company, depending on the level of sponsorship.

      Cockroach Studies Issue 1 Front Cover
      • 1551 reads

      • Blattodea SpeciesFile 29/09/2009: Blattodea

      Cockroach Clippings

      Old newspaper clippings can be found in the Cockroach Clippings gallery.

      September 2007
      Old repeated BBC Radio 4 programme about cockroaches. (Download)

      August 2007
      Radio New Zealand interview with George Beccaloni about the Blattodea Species File. (Download)
      Short video of George Beccaloni talking about cockroaches.
      Report from China on the Blattodea Species File.
      Republic of Tartarstan (!) Information Agency report on the BSF.

      July 2007
      Article in LiveScience about the Blattodea Species File.
      Cockroach racing in Tasmania.

      September 2006
      Weather presenter who's not as keen on cockroaches as BCG members.

      2001
      Phil Bragg appears in a 5min Channel 4 show on cockroaches. (Download) 

      Forthcoming Meetings

      London BCG Meeting:

      Invitation to the Fourth European Meeting of the

      Blattodea Culture Group (BCG)

      Saturday 12th April 2008, 10.30am

      in the

      Courtyard Room, The Natural History Museum, London

      We would like to invite you to attend the fourth meeting of the BCG. Please arrive at the museum after 10 AM and enter via the main Cromwell Road entrance. To get to the Courtyard Rooms walk into the Central Hall, go past the dinosaur skeleton, turn into the corridor on your right, enter the door which leads to the public restaurant and go down the stairs to the left of the lift. At the bottom of the staircase walk a few feet straight ahead and when you come to the locked door ring the bell and someone will let you into the meetings room. Please ask a member of Museum staff if you have problems finding the room, or phone Judith Marshall on 020 7942 5610.

      Agenda

      10.30am - 12.00am     INFORMAL GATHERING

      12.00am - 1.30pm       Presentations (c. 20 minutes each) as follows:-

      George Beccaloni

      Collecting giant hissing cockroaches in Madagascar.

      Ian Abercrombie [provisional]

      Collecting cockroaches in south-east Asia.

      Adrian Durkin

      A clip of Adrian's recent TV appearance.

      Phil Bragg

      Collecting cockroaches in Borneo.

      1.30pm - 2.30pm                     LUNCH (bring packed lunch or buy locally)

      2.30pm - 3.00pm                    LIVESTOCK EXCHANGE (please bring your surplus livestock *packaged* to give away)

      3.00 - 4.30pm                         FURTHER INFORMAL GATHERING / BCG COMMITTEE MEETING

      *2008 BCG Subscriptions*

      Members are reminded to please pay their subscriptions for this year. The cost is the same as last year i.e. £14/20 Euros for EU members, or £21/30 Euros for non-EU members. Subscriptions should be sent by Sterling cheque, made payable to "The Blattodea Culture Group", to the Membership Secretary (Judith Marshall, Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK), or given to her at the BCG meeting as cash or cheque. If you wish to pay in Euros or another currency then please contact Judith (j.marshall@nhm.ac.uk) to ask for instructions before trying to pay.

      • 4930 reads

      • Blattodea SpeciesFile 29/09/2009: Blattodea

      Cockroach Culture Techniques: A Bibliography

      By Darren Mann (Curatorial Officer, Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK)

      The papers on cockroach rearing techniques listed by Bodenstein & Fales (1969) are now somewhat out of date, although many of the works cited are still useful. The bibliography provided here includes some of the more important works listed by these authors and updates their list to the end of 2004, with papers considered to contain valuable culturing techniques for cockroaches.

      • Alsop, D. W. 1990. Cockroach culturing. pp. 13-32. In: Huber, I., Masler, E. P. & Rao, B. R. (Eds). Cockroaches as Models for Neurobiology: Applications in Biomedical Research, Volume I. CRC Press Inc., Florida.
      • Anon. 1970. SABS 457 Rearing and Handling the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana L. ) for the Evaluation of Pesticides (Metric Units). Council of the South African Bureau of Standards. 3pp.
      • Anon. 1970. SABS 458 Rearing and Handling the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. ) for the Evaluation of Pesticides (Metric Units). Council of the South African Bureau of Standards. 3pp.
      • Anon. 1980. How to grow your own cockroaches. Pest Control, 48(7): 30-34.
      • Appel, A. G., Van-Dyke, A. M. & Rust, M. K. 1983. A technique for rearing and some notes on the biology of a desert sand cockroach Arenivaga investigata (Dictyoptera: Polyphagidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85(3): 598-600.
      • Banks, W. M. 1969. Observations on the rearing and maintenance of Blaberus giganteus (Orthoptera: Blaberidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62(6): 1211-1312.
      • Barson, G. & Renn, N. 1983. Hatching from oothecae of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) under laboratory culture conditions and after premature removal. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 34(2): 179-185.
      • Becker, J. C. 1970. Hiereoblatta cassidea (Esch., 1822) (Blaberidae, Dictyoptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologica, 14(9): 63-71.
      • Bell, W. J. 1981. The Laboratory Cockroach. Chapman & Hall, London. 161pp.
      • Benson, E. P. & Huber, I. 1989. Oviposition behaviour and site preference of the brown banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Fab. ) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 24(1): 84-91.
      • Benschoter, C. A. & Wrenn, R. T. 1972. Germ-free techniques for establishment and maintenance of a colony of aseptic German cockroaches. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65(3): 641-644.
      • Bodenstein, O. F. & Fales, J. H. 1969. A list of references on the rearing of cockroaches for experimental purposes. Pest Control, 37(7): 30-34.
      • Bottimer, L. J. 1945. Roach rearing and testing. Soap and Sanitary Chemicals, N. Y., 21(12): 151-157.
      • Boyer, S. & Rivault, C. 2004. Life history traits of cockroaches in sugar-cane fields in La Réunion (Blattodea: Blattellidae & Blaberidae). Oriental Insects, 38: 373-388.
      • Brady, U. E. & Sternburg, J. 1964. Influence of anaesthesia on the toxicity of TEPP and SD-3562. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57(1): 173-174.
      • Bragg, P. E. 1997. Rearing aquatic cockroaches. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 56: 117-121.
      • Bragg, P. E. 1997. An Introduction to Rearing Cockroaches. Published by the author, Ilkeston, U. K. 15pp.
      • Brooks, M. A. 1957. Growth retarding effect of carbon dioxide anaesthesia on the German cockroach. Journal of Insect Physiology, 1(1): 76-84.
      • Brooks, M. A. 1965. The effects of repeated anaesthesia on the biology of Blattella germanica (L.) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 8: 39-48.
      • Brooks, M. A. & Richards, A. G. 1955. Intracellular symbiosis in cockroaches. I. production of aposymbiotic cockroaches. Biologist Bulletin, 109(1): 22-39.
      • Brooks, M. A. & Richards, A. G. 1956. Intracellular symbiosis in cockroaches. III. Re-infection of aposymbiotic cockroaches with symbionts. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 132(3): 447-465.
      • Brown, V. K. 1973. Collection and culture of field-dwelling cockroaches for experimental purposes. Entomologist, 106: 114-117.
      • Brown, V. K. 1973. The over-wintering stages of Ectobius lapponicus (L. ) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). Journal of Entomology, Ser. A., 48(1): 11-24.
      • Brown, V. K. & Rider, L. 1974. Improved technique for rearing over-wintering cockroach nymphs. Entomologist's Gazette, 25: 44.
      • Brues, C. T. & Dunn, R. C. 1945. The effect of penicillin and certain sulphur drugs on the intracellular bacteroids of the cockroach. Science, 101(2622): 336-337.
      • Busvine, J. R. 1971. A Critical Review of the Techniques for Testing Insecticides. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux. 333pp.
      • Cameron, E. 1953. Some new and improved methods for demonstrating the cockroach. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Ser. A., 28(4-6): 41-44.
      • Chon, T. S. & Park, Y. S. 1993. Quantitative observation in the behavior of the smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville): Presence at important micro-habitats of rearing cages in the laboratory. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 32(3): 354-371.
      • Clarke, P. S. 1973. Cockroach Culture. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 32: 151-53.
      • Clayton, R. B. 1959. A simplified method for the culture of Blattella germanica under aseptic conditions. Nature (London), 184(4693): 1166-1167.
      • Cochran, D. G. 1979. A method for rearing the sand cockroach, Arenivaga tonkowa (Dictyoptera: Polyphagidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 81(4): 580-582.
      • Cornwell, P. B. 1968. The Cockroach. Vol. 1, Hutchinson and Co., London. 391pp.
      • Cornwell, P. B. 1976. The Cockroach. Vol. 2. Associated Business Programmes, London. 557pp.
      • Cummings, E. C. & Menn, J. J. 1946. Notes on amphibious cockroaches from the republic of Panama. Entomological News, 57(7): 171-172.
      • Cummings, E. C. & Menn, J. J. 1959. An American cockroach rearing cage. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52: 1227-1228.
      • Dahm, P. A. 1955. A convenient method for rearing large cockroaches. Journal of Economic Entomology, 48: 480-482.
      • Davis, W. T. 1930. Rearing the young of the viviparous cockroach, Panchlora cubensis. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 38(2): 85-88.
      • Dold, J. 1964. How to trap and rear roaches for display and resistance testing. Pest Control, 32: 18-20.
      • Edmunds, L. R. 1953. Collecting and culturing native wood cockroaches in Ohio, with some additional notes on their parasites. Entomological News, 64: 225-230.
      • Ebeling, W. & Wagner, R. E. 1963. Teflon as barrier to insects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56(5): 715-716.
      • Field, G., Savage, L. B. & Dupleslisis, R. J. 1966. Note on the cockroach mite Pimeliaphilus cunliffei (Acarina: Pterygosomidae) infesting oriental, German and American cockroaches. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59(6): 1532.
      • Fischer, R. W. & Jursic, F. 1958. Rearing houseflies and roaches for physiological research. The Canadian Entomologist, 90: 1-7.
      • Fisk, F. W. 1951. Use of a specific mite control in roach and mouse culture. Journal of Economic Entomology, 44: 1016.
      • Gangwere, S. K. 1960. The feeding and culturing of Orthoptera in the laboratory. Entomological News, 71(1-2): 37-45.
      • Gier, H. T. 1947. Growth rate in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L. ). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 40: 303-317.
      • Gilbert, I. H. 1964. Laboratory rearing of cockroaches, bedbugs, human lice and fleas. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 31: 561-563.
      • Glaser, R. A. 1930. On the isolation, cultivation and classification of the so-called intracellular "symbionts" or "rickettsia" of Periplaneta americana (L. ). Journal of Experimental Medicine, 51: 59-81.
      • Gould, G. E. 1941. Effect of temperature upon the development of cockroaches. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 50: 1-15.
      • Gould, G. E. & Deay, H. O. 1938. The biology of the American cockroach. Annals of the American Entomological Society, 31: 289-498.
      • Grady, A. G. 1928. Studies in breeding insects throughout the year for insecticide tests II. Roaches, clothes moths and weevils. Journal of Economic Entomology, 21(4): 608-612.
      • Griffiths, J. T. & Tauber, O. E. 1942. Fecundity, longevity and parthenogenesis of the American roach, Periplaneta americana (L. ). Physiological Zoology, 15: 196-209.
      • Guthrie, D. M. & Tindall, A. R. 1968. The Biology of the Cockroach. St. Martin's Press, New York. 408pp.
      • Haskins, K. P. F. 1962. A new system for rearing the American cockroach. Entomologist, 95: 27-29.
      • Hausman, S. A. 1955. Raising cockroaches in the laboratory. Turtox News, 33(1): 36.
      • Haydak, M. H. 1936. A food for rearing laboratory animals. Journal of Economic Entomology, 29: 1026.
      • Heal, R. E. 1948. Rearing methods for German and American cockroaches. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41: 329-330.
      • Heimpel, A. M. & West, A. S. 1959. Notes on the pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens Bizio for the cockroach, Blattella germanica (L. ). Physiological Zoology, 11: 89-103.
      • House, H. L. 1949. Nutritional studies with Blattella germanica (L. ) reared under aseptic conditions. II. A chemically defined diet. Canadian Entomologist, 81(5): 105-112.
      • House, H. L. 1949. Nutritional studies with Blattella germanica (L. ) reared under aseptic conditions. III. Five essential amino acids. Canadian Entomologist, 81(6): 133-139.
      • House, H. L. & Patton, R. L. 1949. Nutritional studies with Blattella germanica (L. ) reared under aseptic conditions. I. Equipment and technique. Canadian Entomologist, 81(4): 94-100.
      • Iglisch, I. & Moller, L. 1990. Erhaltungszucht mit Uberschuss von Blatta orientalis (Blattariae, Blattidae). Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz, 63(2): 25-32.
      • Kapanadze, E. I. 1971. The biology of a Turkestan cockroach, Shelfordella tartara Sauss. in the insectary. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, 40(5): 595-600.
      • Kelley, J. M. 1929. Living plants and animals for the biology laboratory the common cockroach. Turtox News, 7(11): 85.
      • King, E. G. & Leppla, N. C. (Eds). 1984. Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing. Agricultural Research Service (Southern Region), U. S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA. xvi + 306pp.
      • Koehler, P. G., Strong, C. A. & Patterson, R. S. 1994. Rearing improvements for the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 31(5): 704-710.
      • Komiyama, M. & Ogata, K. 1981. Observations on the life history of the Japanese cockroach Periplaneta japonica under outdoor conditions. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 32(2): 111-115.
      • Koo, S. H., Lee, H. P., Hong, H. K. & Lee, C. S. 1984. The life history of the smoky-brown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa Serville. Korean Journal of Entomology, 14(1): 81-86.
      • Koshy, T. & Mallik, D. 1968. An improved method for rearing and maintaining large colonies of the American cockroach in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61(6): 1748-1750.
      • Ma, A. N. & Wang, H. P. 2000. Manufacture of an automatic layer-dividing machine for the stereoscopic breeding of Eupolyphaga sinensis. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 35(1): 31-33.
      • McCay, C. M. & Melampy, R. M. 1937. Family Blattidae. Care and rearing of Blattella germanica (L. ). pp. 283-284. In: Galstoff et al., 1937, Culture Methods for Invertebrate Animals. Comstock Publishing Company, New York.
      • Manning, G. R. 1997. Rearing the pale-bordered field cockroach, Pseudomops septentrionalis Hebard (Blattellidae). pp. 60-61. In: Invertebrates in Captivity: Conference Proceedings, July 31-August 3, 1997. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute. Tucson, Arizona.
      • Matthiesen, F. A. 1988. Pycnoscelus surinamensis L.: uma fonte permanente de alimento para escorpioes mantidos em cativeiro (Dictyoptera, Panchloridae). Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba), 63(3): 249-252.
      • Mehrota, O. N., Petri, S. L. & Agarwal, P. N. 1937. A laboratory technique of culturing cockroaches. Indian Journal of Entomology, 27(3): 358-360.
      • Mills, R. R. 1966. A cockroach rearing cage designed for the collection of oothecae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59(2): 490.
      • Mira, A. & Raubenheimer, D. 2002. Divergent nutrition-related adaptations in two cockroach populations inhabiting different environments. Physiological Entomology, 27(4): 330-339.
      • Mitsuhashi, J. 2001. Development of highly nutritive culture media. In-vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Animal, 37(6): 330-337.
      • Morgan, N. D. 1985. Blattidae. pp. 321-328. In: Singh, P. & Moore, R. F. (Eds). Handbook of Insect Rearing. Volume 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
      • Noland, J. L. 1956. An improved method for rearing cockroaches. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49: 411-412.
      • Noland, J. L., Lilly, J. H. & Bauman, C. A. 1949. A laboratory method for rearing cockroaches, and its application to dietary studies on the German roach. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 42(1) 63-70.
      • Nutting, W. L. 1953. Giant cockroaches of the genus Blaberus as laboratory animals. Turtox News, 31(8): 134-137.
      • Pawlik, J. 1966. Control of the nematode Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy) in laboratory cultures of the American cockroach. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59(2): 468-469.
      • Park, Y. C. & Choe, J. C. 2003. Life history and population dynamics of Korean woodroach (Cryptocercus kyebangensis) populations. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(2): 111-117.
      • Pope, P. 1953. Studies of the life histories of some Queensland Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 63(2): 23-46.
      • Price, R. G. & Howell, D. E. 1969. Population changes in four species of cockroach maintained together in small containers. Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(5): 1164-1165.
      • Rau, P. 1940. The life history of the wood-roach Parcoblatta pennyslyvanica Degeer (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Entomological News, 51(1): 4-9
      • Rau, P. 1940. The life history of the wood-roach Parcoblatta pennyslyvanica Degeer (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Entomological News, 51(2): 33-35.
      • Rochford, Rev. P. J. 1957. A breeding observation chamber for the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). School Science Review, 38: 450-452.
      • Rogez, L. 1996. Elevage de blattes du Perou. Blabera fusca. Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie, 5(3): 77.
      • Rogez, L. 1996. Elevage de blattes souffleuses Gromphadorhina portentosa. Revue de l'Association Roussillonaise d'Entomologie, 5(1): 8.
      • Roth, L. M. 1967. Water changes in cockroach Oothecae in relation to the evolution of ovoviviparity and viviparity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60(5): 928-946.
      • Roth, L. M. 1968. Reproduction of some poorly known species of Blattaria. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61(3): 572-579.
      • Roth, L. M. & Willis, E. R. 1954. The reproduction of cockroaches. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 122(12): 1-49.
      • Roth, L. M. & Willis, E. R. 1956. Parthenogenesis in cockroaches. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49: 195-204.
      • Rust, M. K. & Appel, A. G. 1985. Intra- and Inter-specific aggregation in some nymphal Blattellid cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78: 107-10.
      • Scharrer, B. 1951. The woodroach. Scientific American, 185(6): 58-62.
      • Sieburth, J. F. & Bonsall, M. G. 1951. A simplified biological assay method using the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linn.), for protein utilization. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 44(3): 463-468.
      • Singh, P. 1977. Artificial Diets for Insects, Mites and Spiders. IFI/Plenum Data Company. 594pp.
      • Smittle, B. J. 1966. Cockroaches. pp. 227-240. In: Smith, C. N. (Ed. ). Insect Colonisation and Mass Production. Academic Press.
      • Takagi, M. . 1978. Ecological studies on the smoky-brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa S. III. Rearing experiments on the adult emergence, longevity, oviposition, and the development of the egg stage outdoors in Tsu, Mie Prefecture. Mie Medical Journal, 28(1): 9-19.
      • Takagi, M. 1978. Ecological studies on the smoky-brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa S. 2. A rearing experiment on the nymphal development outdoors in Tsu, Mie Prefecture. Mie Medical Journal, 27(3): 85-92.
      • Takagi, M. 1978. Ecological studies on the smoky-brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa S. 3. Rearing experiments on the adult emergence, longevity, oviposition, and the development of the egg stage outdoors in Tsu, Mie Prefecture. Mie Medical Journal, 28(1): 9-19.
      • Tinnesen, K. 2003. Opdraet af foderdyr - hvor svaert kan det vaere?! [Rearing insects for food - how difficult can it be?!] Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening, 46(3): 89-95.
      • Tropek, R. 2003. Chov svabu Nauphoeta cinerea jako krmiva. [Breeding the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea as food for other animals]. Akvarium Terarium, 46(3): 66-69.
      • Tsuji, H. & Mizuno, T. 1971. Laboratory use of first instar nymphs of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 22(1): 240-247.
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      • Wang, Q. & Zhou, J. 1989. A new method for rearing small population of Blattella germanica. Entomological Knowledge, 26(2): 105-106.
      • Wagner, R. E., Ebeling, W. & Clark, W. R. 1964. An electric barrier for confining cockroaches in large rearing or field cans. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57: 1007-1009.
      • Washburn, F. L. 1913. A successful trap for cockroaches. Journal of Economic Entomology, 6: 237-29.
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      • Wharton, D. R. A., Lola, J. E., & Wharton, M. L. 1967. Population density, survival, growth and development of the American cockroach. Journal of Insect Physiology, 13: 669-716.
      • Wharton, D. R. A., Lola, J. E. & Wharton, M. L. 1968. Growth factors and population density in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Journal of Insect Physiology, 14(5): 637-653.
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      • Willis, E. R. 1966. Biology and behaviour of Panchlora irrorata, a cockroach adventive on bananas (Blattaria: Blaberidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59(3): 515-516.
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      • Wright, C. G. 1979. Life history of the smokeybrown cockroach. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 14(1): 69-75.
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      About Cockroach Studies

      Cockroach Studies Logo (ISSN 1862-6491) is a full colour journal which is published twice yearly and is sent to BCG members. Cockroach Studies publishes contributions ranging from articles about breeding cockroaches in captivity and reports about collecting trips; to more technical papers about the taxonomy, biology and ecology of cockroaches. Authors of technical contributions are asked to follow the Instructions to Authors.

      A pdf of the first issue of Cockroach Studies can be downloaded here. Note that only the first issue is available in pdf form and that all subsequent issues will be available in printed form only.

      Cockroach Studies Issue 1 Cockroach Studies Issue 2
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      • Blattodea SpeciesFile 29/09/2009: Blattodea

      A History of the BCG

      By Adrian Durkin (Exhibitions Officer, Dudley Museum and Art Gallery, Dudley, UK)

      Many years ago, on a dark and wet Saturday in October, I attended the Amateur Entomological Society (A.E.S.) fair at Hounslow Civic Centre, London, England. In many ways this was an ideal location for such an event because the building is clad in what appears to be Purbeck Roach Stone. Regrettably this does not refer to the fossil content but none the less it is of interest as it is mostly composed of the internal moulds of gastropods.

      Quite close to the entrance I encountered a young entomologist selling quite a number of different invertebrates but with a marked bias towards cockroaches. At that stage I had been collecting them myself for about a year or two and had possibly eight or so species. It is so long ago now that I cannot recall what first attracted me to these insects. I think however it was the number of different forms and the subtle variation within the group. I had graduated to cockroaches from their fellow orthopteroids, stick insects. It is hard to imagine a greater contrast between groups which in evolutionary terms are quite closely related.

      As the day went on and the stalls became less busy it was possible to engage the proprietor of the stall in conversation. Surprisingly he had not sold all of his roaches, indeed far from it, there seemed little demand. His name was Darren Mann and as our conversation progressed it became clear that he too was a cockroach enthusiast and had a similar number of species to myself, although different ones. Instantly, allowing for some duplication, the combined culture list had grown to about 12 species.

      It was instantly apparent that the same idea was forming in each of our minds, that of forming an appreciation society. However the revelations of the day did not end there because Darren introduced me to his friend George Beccaloni, who, like Darren, was just a young innocent! And fresh-faced student in those days. It transpired that George too kept cockroaches and had a few that neither of us had. The collective culture list jumped for the second time that day to about 15 and the likelihood of there being an appreciation group evolved further.

      As time went on it was decided to develop the idea and we publicised ourselves through appearances at fairs such as one in Leicester and of course the A.E.S. The first hurdle was to find a name for the group. I personally felt that it was a bit pretentious to call ourselves a study group as there was no guarantee that we would do any studying. I was also anxious to keep the group down-to-earth by calling it the Cockroach Culture Group. I was able to convince the others about the culture element but they felt that a scientific name was preferable and so we became the Blattodea Culture Group. I now realise that this was the right decision not because it was scientific but because it obscured the truth. No one feels threatened by blattids whereas they start getting paranoid if you keep cockroaches!

      In the early days the group went well and membership peaked at around 120, whilst I think that the species list went up to about 40. We began the newsletter too (that was in 1986). The first edition was just two pages and did not have much about cockroaches, even the second edition was not a major study document although it did carry an article pondering how many different Blaberus species there were in captivity. However after five or six years problems began to develop. It seemed to be the usual one, amateur members did not consider themselves competent enough to write articles whilst many of the professional entomologists in the group could not get the time to write articles. None the less the group continued producing newsletters up until Volume 14 in 2000. Both Darren and George became professional entomologists although George corrupted himself by doing his PhD on butterflies (traitor). Fate however has moved events full circle. Darren is now a curator at one of the two most important collections of cockroaches in England, that of the Hope Collection at the Natural History Museum in Oxford. George on the other hand has recently become curator of the other, the Orthopteroidea collection of The Natural History Museum in London. Neither of these things in themselves would have resurrected the fortunes of the group but we have been fortunate to get the interest of Ingo Fritzsche who has managed to mobilise much support for the group in Germany. He has been able to bring on board the valued services of Roland Dusi from the German chemical firm frunol delicia. It was with kind support from them that we were able to have a re-inaugural meeting at Delitzsch near Leipzig in Germany. The company keeps over 100 different species of cockroaches in their research collection and they were kind enough not only to host the meeting but to give us access to the collection. In the face of inspiration like this it would be impossible for the group not to feel a new sense of purpose and we therefore hope to resurrect the society. Who says phoenixes have to be birds?

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      edwbaker's picture

      77

      Edited by Anonymous on Fri, 25/09/2009 - 11:02am
      BCG Number: 
      077
      Locality: 
      India
      Culture Status: 
      C
      Genus: 
      Therea
      Species: 
      petiveriana

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      References

      BCG Newsletter Volume 12 Issue 1 (First report of BCG culture)

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      Blattodea Species File entry for this species (Includes images of adult male and ootheca)

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      About the Blattodea Culture Group

      The Blattodea culture Group (BCG) is a worldwide group of cockroach enthusiasts and amateur and professional entomologists. As well as content generated by the Group this site uses a taxonomy provided by the Blattodea SpeciesFile to display information from numerous resources on one page (use the Taxonomy Search or browse the cockroach taxonomy.

      The Group publishes a full colour journal, Cockroach Studies, which is distributed to members. Members of the group also have access to free livestock (for a list of species that have been in culture see the BCG Culture List) and are able to attend the Group's meetings.

      The BCG also runs The Cockroach Forum, an online discussion board for all things to do with cockroaches.

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